Books and Articles Focused on Ecological
sanitation
2003 Appleton
B. van Wijk, C. IRC: http://www.irc.nl/download.php?file=/top/hygprom.pdf
Hygiene Promotion:This is a Thematic Overview Paper (TOP), a new
web-based initiative from IRC (International Water and Sanitation Centre). This
TOP concerns the aims and the impact of hygiene promotion and works with the
goal of reducing the main risky hygiene practices and conditions for women,
children and men. Alternative approaches to hygiene promotion programmes with a
better chance of success are presented in making hygiene promotion more effective.
The critical area of how to monitor and evaluate hygiene promotion initiatives
is introduced in criteria for effectiveness. Professionals
involved in ecological sanitation, sanitation, health, wastewater management
and related disciplines
2003 Austin, A :
http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionc.pdf
Ecosan: An unsuccessful sanitation
scheme at a rural school: Lessons learned from the project failure
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
Emzamweni High School is a rural
educational institution in South Africa that serves a number of low-income
communities. Sanitation was badly neglected. The challenge was to introduce
ecosan at an institutional facility, rather than in a home. The concept was
therefore thoroughly workshopped with the principal and teachers. Information
booklets and posters were also prepared and given to the school for use as
teaching aids. Despite the careful preparation and intensive training, however,
the project was a failure. Nevertheless, some valuable lessons were learned for
future implementation of urine diversion sanitation projects at South African
schools.Project planners involved in ecological sanitation, education, waste
and wastewater management including recycling and reuse - Case study / lessons learnt about the implementation of
ecological sanitation in a High School; - Teaching materials, workshops
2003 Bregnhoj, H.; Eilersen, A.M.; Backlund, A. : http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionb.pdf
Experiences with ecosan in Danish allotment garden and
in development projects
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
Four projects, regarding implementation of and experiences with ecosan
toilets in Denmark, Afghanistan, Burkina Faso and Guatemala, are presented. The
approaches to implementation and the arguments that "sold" the idea
are evaluated. Based on the projects, the paper discusses how the experiences can
be used in practice when implementing ecosan. In all countries, people’s main
priorities are to have an affordable and comfortable sanitation facility. In
some places recycling of nutrients is already a priority, and in other places,
it seems to be possible to promote it. Generally, people have a positive
experience from and attitude to the use of ecosan toilets when it is used
correctly. Demand must be created through information and mutual engagement in
order to achieve a successful result. It is equally important to ensure involvement
of the users in all aspects of the implementation and running of the toilet system.
Communication, both before and after implementation, is a keyword. Professionals involved in ecological
sanitation, sanitation, health, wastewater management and related disciplines
- Case studies
/ experiences with ecosan
- Assessment of users’ attitudes of ecosan toilets
- Involvement of users
- Communication
2003 Cordova, A.: Factors affecting the viability of
large-scale and urban dry sanitation programs: an assessment based on Mexican
experiences
The research reports on and characterizes the diversity of Dry Sanitation
in Mexico, with emphasis on urban programs. An extensive survey among users
revealed that high user satisfaction was achieved across a diversity of program
modalities, user income-levels, dry toilet models, and incentives. An in-depth
analysis of six urban programs identified operational and structural barriers
faced by large-scale and urban dry sanitation experiences A dissertation presented to the Faculty
of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy - Action Research: extensive user survey,
- Identification of barriers and strategies to address
them
e-mail: ac58@cornell.edu
Paper
presented at the 2nd international symposium on ecological
sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
Attaching
resource recovery and reuse options to the sanitation system could create
win-win situations for urban and peri-urban farmers and city authorities. In a
study carried out in different Ghanaian cities (Accra, Kumasi, Tamale), the
level of interest of urban households to separate organic from inorganic solid
waste as well as their attitude towards toilet facilities, which separate urine
from excreta, was explored.
In general, household interest and perception is not the limiting factor
for resource recovery but any technology has to be tested in close
collaboration with the households concerned. Experts
involved in ecological sanitation, sanitation, health, wastewater management,
urban agriculture. Peri-urban and urban household perception and interest in
urine -excreta separation
2003 de Jong, Dick, IRC Advocacy for Water, Environmental Sanitation and
Hygiene: http://www.irc.nl/download.php?file=/top/advocacy.pdf
This is a Thematic Overview Paper (TOP), a new
web-based initiative from IRC (International Water and Sanitation Centre). This
TOP meets different aims of different users: an introduction to, and a
rationale for, Advocacy for Water, Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene for
policy makers and programme planners and managers; access to recent research
and case sudies for researchers, educators and trainers; information on
approaches and experiences of colleagues for practitioners; and opportunities
to give feedback or add your contributions. The links between advocacy, social
mobilisation and communication are explained with an example. Policy makers, practitioners, educators,
trainers and researchers in the fields of health, hygiene, water supply and
sanitation
2003 Drangert,
J-O.Requirements
on sanitation systems – The flush toilet sets the standard for ecosan optionshttp://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionb.pdf
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
Today there is extensive experience of various sanitation systems from many
countries and urban areas. A holistic analysis of such systems comprises
aspects pertaining to the toilet in the home or yard and to aspects related to
the rest of the community and to nature. In this paper, three toilet systems
are compared. The urine-diverting toilet compares quite favourably with the WC
as for environmental sustainability. If installed indoors, this toilet can
match the WC for socio-cultural features. A crucial comparison between the two
systems deals with the household choice whether to take on the responsibility
for maintenance or to hire someone to do it for them. Professionals involved in
ecological sanitation, sanitation, health, wastewater management and related
disciplines. Holistic analysis of sanitation systems
2003 Elledge,
M. F. (EHP) : http://www.irc.nl/download.php?file=/top/sanpolicy.pdf
IRC Sanitation Policies This is a Thematic Overview Paper (TOP), a new
web-based initiative from IRC (International Water and Sanitation Centre). The
absence of supportive policies to provide the basis for planning and
implementing sanitation programmes is a missing link to improving coverage at a
large scale. This TOP focuses on policies designed and implemented to effectively
close this gap. Its aim is to present an overview of recent experiences on
trends along with ready-to-use references to links and important publications
on the subject. Policy
makers and other Professionals involved in ecological sanitation, sanitation,
health, wastewater management and related disciplines. Overview paper about
sanitation policies
2003
Guzha, E. Assessment of community knowledge
attitudes practice, behaviour and acceptance of Ecological sanitation in
peri-urban areas of Harare :
http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionb.pdf
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
In the peri-urban informal settlements near Harare,
ecological sanitation has been accepted purely on technological advantage and
for family convenience, privacy and easy maintenance. In the rural areas,
ecological sanitation was welcome because it made nutrients in urine and faeces
accessible for use in agriculture. There were however concerns with respect to
the user friendliness of the technology, particularly for women, with regard to
the changing and disposal of sanitary pads change and disposal. Gender roles
and burdens with respect to operation and maintenance of the ecological
sanitation toilets were also other interesting findings of this study.
Using participatory approaches any assessment was carried out to determine
ecological sanitation knowledge, attitudes, practices and behaviour (KAPB) of
communities in the peri-urban informal settlements and peri-urban rural areas
in Zimbabwe. Professionals
involved in ecological sanitation, sanitation, health, wastewater management
and related disciplines. KAPB: Assessment of peri-urban communities and
informal settlements
- knowledge
- attitudes,
- practice,
- behaviour
- acceptance
- Gender
2003 Holden, R.; Terreblanche, R.; Cloete, J. & Mary Muller organization: http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionb.pdf
The Mvula Trust Factors which have influenced the acceptance
of ecosan in South Africa and development of a marketing strategy
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
The content of this article relates to the experience
in the South African Government’s Rural Sanitation Programme and it draws the
conclusion that householders do not primarily choose ecological sanitation from
the point of closing the loop but from it being the technology that best
satisfies their requirements.
Although the programme has been largely conducted in a rural environment,
the ecosan concept gains importance in the urban areas and it is found that the
same factors influence its acceptance. To gain wider acceptance a marketing
campaign is required promoting its social advantages rather than the ecological
ones. Practitioners Experience in the field about - social marketing
participation and acceptance
- decision making at household level
2003 Kamminga, E. Wgelin-Schuringa, M. Royal Tropical
Institute – KIT HIV/AIDS and water,
sanitation and hygiene: http://www.irc.nl/download.php?file=/top/hivaids.pdf
This is a Thematic Overview Paper (TOP), a new
web-based initiative from IRC (International Water and Sanitation Centre). This
TOP deals with some of the basic facts about the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the
linkages between HIV/AIDS and water, sanitation and hygiene from different
perspectives: health, human rights, gender, community-driven development and poverty
alleviation and also the impact of HIV/AIDS on the financial, social and
economic feasibility and sustainability of water supply and sanitation systems.
Other topics are the impact of HIV/AIDS on the demand for accessible, reliable
and affordable water and sanitation services, including the planning and policy
implications, the lessons learned in preventing and mitigating the effects of
HIV/AIDS, and what the water and sanitation sector can do about the problem of
HIV/AIDS at different levels.Professionals involved in ecological sanitation,
sanitation, health, wastewater management and related disciplinesOverview paper
about HIV/AIDS issues in water, sanitation and hygiene
2003
Krantz, H. A methodology combination to expose and
assess water- and sanitation related household behaviour:
http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionb.pdf
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
Replacement or alteration of water and sanitation systems motivated by
ecological concerns embrace the transformation of three components: technology,
organisation and user behaviour. The aim of this study is to develop a
methodology to expose and assess households’ use of water and sanitation. A
combination of methods, time-diaries, interviews and simple observations, was
tried out in a case study with informants having a dry toilet system in Stockholm,
Sweden. Experts involved in ecological sanitation, sanitation, health,
wastewater management and related issues Case
study: Methodology combination to assess water and sanitation related household
behaviour
2003 Lienert,
J.; Haller, M.; Berner, F.; Stauffacher, M.; Larsen, T.A. How farmers in Switzerland perceive fertilizers from
recycled anthropogenic nutrients (urine)
Publication presented at the IWA Conference in
Amsterdam October 2002 and published in Water Science and Technology:
The document presents an explorative rather than confirmatory study to
identify trends concerning the acceptance of a urine-based fertilizer by Swiss
German farmers. A main goal was to develop methods for a larger, quantitative
investigation, and to determine whether research in this direction would be
feasible and effective. An additional objective is to gain experience in
conducting social research studies with farmers. Methodological requirements of
such sociological investigations are explored. Professionals
and academic readers concerned with ecological sanitation, wastewater management,
health and related issues Study
about acceptance
2003
Lienert, J.;
Larsen, T.A. Introducing urine separation in Switzerland:
NOVAQUATIS, an interdisciplinary research project: http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessioni.pdf
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
Successful urine source separation (NoMix technology)
poses a challenge to scientists, stakeholders, and society. Low-tech approaches
are appropriate for rural areas; for large urban areas – in Europe and
fast-industrializing countries – other solutions are needed. Novaquatis focuses on NoMix technology
in modern households, transport strategies, methodology to eliminate micropollutants
(pharmaceuticals, hormones), and technologies to produce a fertilizer. First
results are promising: feedback from consumers and farmers was positive,
provided that high safety and comfort is maintained at low costs. To overcome the lock-in effect of the present system,
technologically advanced transition strategies are needed, which allow to
gradually implement NoMix technology into the urban wastewater system.
Scientists and other professionals involved in ecological sanitation,
agriculture, wastewater and grey water management and related disciplines
- ecosan in modern, industrialized urban
households
2003 Loetscher, T. SANEX TM , : www.decisionscape.com.au
www.decisionscape.com.au The purpose of SANEX TM is to support
beneficiaries, planners and other stakeholder groups during the early stage of
sanitation planning by helping them identify suitable sanitation alternatives.
The software facilitates the assessment of these alternatives with regard to
the chosen preferences. It gives access to concise information, including cost
estimate, and it provides immediate feedback to user input, thus aiding
sensitivity analysis.
The compendium contains comprehensive information on
most popular sanitation technologies and can be used without the SANEX TM software. Beneficiaries, planners and other
stakeholder groupsSoftware tool to facilitate and document the dynamic process
of decision-making
2003
Mukherjee, N., van Wijk, C, WSP, World Bank,
IRC Sustainability, Planning
and Monitoring in Community Water Supply and Sanitation: http://www.wsp.org/pdfs/mpa%202003.pdf
A guide on the Methodology for Participatory Assessment
(MPA) for Community-Driven Development Programs, updating the original MPA
Metguide (Methodology for Participatory Assessment with Communities, Institutions
and Policy Makers), developed by WSP and IRC in 1998 and first published in
March 2000. Since then, MPA has developed further as a tool for mainstreaming
gender and social equity in large-scale projects. Its application have expanded
from evaluation and monitoring to designing and planning new project
interventions, and from dedicated water supply and sanitation projects into the
realm of multi-sector project designs. The Appendices include a sample of a
policy assessment exercise using MPA tools and contact information about
institutions where MPA-trained facilitators and trainers can be found in Asia,
Africa, Europe and Latin America Sector
professionals MPA (Methodology for
Participatory Assessment with Communities, Institutions and Policy Makers) May 2003 General
2003 Pahl-Wostl, C.; Schönborn, N.W.;
Muncke, J.; Larsen, T.A.Investigating
consumer attitudes towards the new technology of urine separation
Paper presented at the IWA Conference in Amsterdam October
2002 and published in Water Science and Technology:
In the context of the interdisciplinary project
NOVAQUATIS (EAWAG), consumer attitudes towards NoMix (urine separating) toilets
and the idea of anthropogenic nutrient recycling were investigated using the
IA-focus group methodology. This paper introduces the methodology, which is a
novelty for technology assessment, especially for urban water management, and
reports the results. Some results are, that the acceptance of individual
citizens for the new technology proved to be quite high. The majority of the
citizens expressed their willingness to move into an apartment with NoMix
toilets and to buy food fertilized with urine. However, they were not willing
to accept additional financial costs or efforts. Professional and academic readers concerned with
ecological sanitation, wastewater management, health and related issues group
methodology preliminary Hardcopy: GTZ-ecosan office June 2003 Europe / Switzer-land
2003 Reuter, S. Community based sanitation program in Tangerang and Surabaya, Indonesia: http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessioni.pdf
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
The NGO BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research and Development
Association) together with its Partner-NGO BEST (Bina Ekonomi Sosial Terpadu,
Tangerang), developed and implemented the community sanitation system “MCK plus
++”. The “MCK plus ++” consists of an integrated underground wastewater
treatment unit which is based on DEWATS (Decentralized Waste Water Treatment
System) technology. It provides facilities such as bathrooms, toilets, and
laundry cleaning including an integrated community “water point” for provision
of drinking water.
Participation of communities during planning stage is the key for
successful program implementation. Professionals, project planners and managers
involved in ecological sanitation, community promotion, waste and wastewater
management and related topics. Community based sanitation
- DEWATS
- community participation as key to success
2003 Sawyer,
R.; Delmaire, A.; Buenfil, A.A. Holistic ecosan small-town planning: The
TepozEco pilot programme: http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionc.pdf
Paper presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
The main objective of this paper is to share preliminary experience in
planning and developing an urban ecosan pilot program in Mexico, which includes
ecological toilet promotion, water demand and greywater management, rainwater
harvesting, organic residue recycling, urban agriculture, and environmental
education. The promising start of the project has been based, primarily, on its
iterative, flexible, responsive design process -adaptive planning- and a strong
network of partners and collaborators. Even though the local context is to some
extent unique, particularly in regards to the institutional resource base,
local environmental awareness and the local government commitment, the social
economic conditions in the municipality in many ways reflect those in much of
Latin America. Professionals involved
in ecological sanitation, environment, health, water and waste management,
urban agriculture and related disciplines -Experience in planning and developing
an urban ecosan pilot project
- iterative, flexible,
responsive design process-adaptive planning
- networking- awareness and policy
2003 Schertenleib, R., Morel, A., Kalbermatten, J., Saywell, D. Guidelines for the Implementation of the Bellagio
Principles and the Household-Centred Environmental Sanitation Approach (HCES)Paper
presented at the 2nd international symposium on ecological
sanitation 2003, Lübeck focussing on the Bellagio Principles: http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessiona.pdf
Professionals involved in ecological sanitation,
sanitation, health, wastewater management and related matters
2003 Shayo, A.J. Acceptance
of EcoSan Concepts in Tanzania A Case Study of “Piloting Ecological Sanitation
Majumbasita Dar Es Salaam” : http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionc.pdf
Paper presented at the 2nd
international symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
This paper provides insights
and lessons learned from piloting an ecological sanitation project in Tanzania
since November 2000. It includes findings of a review as conducted to assess
the operation and socio cultural aspects pertaining to the technology. It shows
to what extent EcoSan is accepted in Tanzania. In addition, the paper explored
community reactions towards the recycling of nutrients from human excreta and
research on the recycling nutrients.
Public acceptability is promising following the PHAST
(Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation) methodology carried out
at all stages of project implementation. Professionals
involved in ecological sanitation, project planning, research on nutrient
recycling, health, wastewater management and related issues
- Lessons learned
- Research
- Acceptance of ecosan
- PHAST at all stages of project cycle
2003 Suriptono
Preliminary survey based on community need leading to sustainable sanitation
- an Indonesian case study: http://www.gtz.de/ecosan/download/symposium2sessionb.pdf
Poster presented at the 2nd international
symposium on ecological sanitation 2003 in Lübeck:
The preliminary survey based on local community nee